Erich Fromm

German philosopher and psychoanalyst (1900 - 1980). Born in Germany, he studied sociology and psychology at the universities of Heidelberg, Frankfurt, and Munich. In 1934, he emigrated to the United States, where he taught at Columbia University, Yale, and New York University. Through his work, he sought to "reconcile" Freud with Marx, aiming to combine psychoanalysis with "humanistic" Marxism. As a psychoanalyst, Fromm critiqued Marx for underestimating the complexity of human passions and the importance of psychological factors. At the same time, he criticized Freud for emphasizing biological dependencies—and therefore the immutability—of human nature, which prevented him from reaching a correct interpretation of historical and social phenomena.