The condition of Jews in the history of modernity needs to be examined in all its complexity and therefore in all its difficulty.

The concept of the Jew was clear when it simultaneously referred to the identity of a nation, a people, a religion. Since Jews participated in the culture of the nations and acquired citizenship, the disjunction between Jew and national concealed the conjunction that had taken place between these terms, which had become complementary but could also remain competitive with the development of modern (racial) anti-Semitism that followed the old religious anti-Judaism.

At the end of this essay, it was necessary to examine the tragedy caused by Nazism, from which the state of Israel was born and the concept of the Jew took on a new significance. Unfortunately, the establishment of Israel on Islamic land created a new tragedy of planetary scale.

[Excerpt from the text on the back cover of the edition]