The book operates on two axes. The first presents the usual themes as reflected by contemporary Macroeconomic manuals, specifically the classical, Keynesian, and post-Keynesian interpretations of economic phenomena. It develops topics related to the formation of income levels and employment.

The second follows, on one hand, the changes in the structures of economies and the evolution of the institutional framework, and on the other hand, the economic thought that has been articulated to interpret the changes. After Mill and Marx, with few exceptions, the dominance of the neoclassical school resulted in a radical separation between the formation of economic history and economic theories from the study of economic phenomena.

In the treatise on Political Economy, an effort is made to reconcile these aspects, so that the reader is able to simultaneously follow the differentiation of society, as well as the economic and social measures that are taken at any given time.