Probability and Statistics are essential tools in the hands of every researcher. Surveys, market research, medical studies, quality control, and generally analyses of measurements (data) use methods from Probability and Statistics.

This book serves as an introduction to Probability, does not require prior knowledge of the subject, and is primarily aimed at students of Statistics and Mathematics at higher education institutions.

Probability Theory is the branch that deals with the concept of uncertainty (probability). Statistics is the branch that deals with the design of experiments or sampling methods, the collection and analysis of numerical data (measurements), and the drawing of conclusions for a population based on the information contained in a sample from that population.

The statistician is interested in drawing conclusions in the best possible way, as well as in the numerical evaluation of the suitability of the conclusion-drawing method used. Drawing conclusions can be equated with decision-making for a statistical problem. It involves calculating (estimating) unknown parameters, testing statistical hypotheses, and forecasting or prediction.

Probability Theory is concerned with formulating laws or models of probability that govern various phenomena. Many of these laws are formulated based on idealizations or general principles. Statistics, with its samples, is called to confirm the correctness or otherwise of these laws. Moreover, Probability Theory provides the basis for the creation of statistical methods and the evaluation of statistical conclusions.