In higher geodesy, where all measurements are carried out using electromagnetic waves, the intensity of gravity, the direction of gravity, that is, the effects of the Earth's gravitational field, as well as the atmosphere—mainly concerning the variation in temperature and the degree of ionization—are taken into account, resulting in every electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere deviating from straight-line propagation and being delayed.

Surveying Engineers, however, in the very large spectrum of applications, scientific research, and other tasks they engage in within the surveying field, have a fundamental objective of finding the relevant unknown parameters with the maximum possible accuracy. To achieve this goal, both for measurements concerning a specific type of observation, such as angle, distance, height difference, and for complex observations carried out within networks for mapping an area, correction methods have been developed to cover the various practical cases that may arise.

This book analyzes all of the aforementioned elements in three chapters so that after the theoretical topics at the beginning, there are many solved exercises for better understanding of the concepts, as well as exercises for the reader to try to apply everything they have read on their own.

Thus, in the first chapter, reference is made to the concept of correction, its methods, the tables—equations and algorithms for applying each method, the statistical evaluation of results, the correction of horizontal and leveling networks, and transformations (similarity and affine).

In the second chapter, which deals with the statistical processing of surveying observations, random variables (discrete and continuous), parameter estimation, the law of error propagation (covariances), which plays the most significant role in many cases, and confidence intervals—precision checks, are examined as very useful elements in practical applications. Distribution tables for obtaining data, which can also be used for exercises beyond this book, are also provided.

In the third chapter, where surveying networks are developed, their types, accuracy, parametric degree, degree of freedom, reliability, corrections of horizontal and leveling networks, and their design are presented. At the end, there is an appendix with mathematical relations (derivatives, tables, equations, identities, etc.) where several formulas are gathered that will assist in the specific exercises as well as more generally.