Introduction
Anatomical position
Planes of movement
Other anatomical reference terms
The skeleton
The bones
The joints
The cartilage
The articular capsule
The ligaments
The muscles
Muscle elasticity
Morphological characteristics of muscles
Types of muscle contractions

The trunk
Morphology of the trunk
Movements of the trunk
The spine
The vertebrae
How the vertebrae are connected
The ligaments of the spine
Movements of the vertebrae
The intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers
The pelvis or pelvic girdle
The bones of the pelvis
The coccyx
The shape of the pelvis – variations
The two girdles (thoracic and pelvic)
The sacrum
The sacroiliac joint
The lumbar region of the spine
The lumbosacral joint
The thoracic region of the spine
The thorax (thoracic cage)
The thoracolumbar joint
The cervical region of the spine
The occipital region of the skull
The occipital bone
The axis and its connections with the atlas

The muscles of the trunk attach to a large number of bones
The posterior muscles of the trunk and neck
The deep cervical muscles
The posterior muscles of the trunk and neck (continued)
The anterior and lateral cervical muscles
The respiratory muscles
The posterior muscles of the trunk
The abdominal muscles
The pelvic diaphragm
The abdominal cavity
The diaphragm and the abdominal region during breathing

The shoulder
Morphology of the shoulder
Movements of the shoulder
The clavicle
The sternoclavicular joint
The scapula
The acromioclavicular joint
Movements of the scapula
The humerus
The glenohumeral joint
The muscles of the shoulder attach to a large number of bones
The muscles of the shoulder
The muscles involved in scapular movements
The muscles of the glenohumeral joint
The muscles participating in arm movements

The elbow
Morphology of the elbow and forearm
Movements of the elbow
The radius and ulna
The elbow: the bones and articular surfaces during flexion – extension

The articular capsule
The bones of the elbow
The muscles of elbow flexion – extension attach to a large number of bones
The muscles of elbow flexion – extension
The muscles of elbow extension
Pronation – supination
The elbow and forearm bones during pronation – supination
The distal radioulnar joint
Types of pronation – supination
The muscles of pronation – supination
The muscles of supination attach to four bones

The wrist & the hand
Landmarks
The bones
Movements of the wrist
Movements of the fingers
The carpal bones
The joints of the wrist
Ligamentous structure
The wrist joints: the movements
The metacarpals and phalanges
The carpometacarpal joints
The metacarpophalangeal joints
The interphalangeal joints
The muscles of the wrist and hand attach to a large number of bones
The muscles that move the wrist
The flexor muscles of the fingers
The extensor muscles of the fingers
The intrinsic muscles that move the hand
The column of the thumb, trapeziometacarpal joint
Movements of the thumb
The intrinsic muscles of the thumb
The extrinsic muscles of the thumb

The hip & the knee
Morphology of the hip and knee
Movements of the hip
The femur
The hip joint

How the head of the femur fits
in the acetabular cavity
Variations
The capsule and ligaments
Movements of the hip
Movements of the knee
Three bones participate in the knee joint
The surfaces of the knee joint
How the femoral condyles move
The menisci
Movements of the menisci in relation to knee movement
The capsule and ligaments of the knee
The cruciate ligaments
The ligaments of the knee
The functions of the ligaments
The automatic rotation of the knee
The patella
The muscles of the knee and hip attach to many bones
The muscles of the hip
The piriformis muscle
The quadratus femoris muscle
The internal obturator muscle
The gemellus muscles of the hip
The external obturator muscle
The psoas major muscle
The iliacus muscle
The gluteus minimus muscle
The gluteus medius muscle
The muscles of the hip and knee
The main movements of the hamstrings
The adductor muscles of the hip
The muscles of the knee
The actions of the muscles
The movements of the hip and knee muscles during walking

The ankle & the foot
Landmarks
The arrangement of the foot bones
Movements of the knee
The bones of the foot
The joints of the ankle: articular surfaces
The mobility of the ankle

The stability of the ankle
The talus and the calcaneus
The talocalcaneal joint
The anterior tarsal bones
The tarsal joint
The ligaments of the tarsus
The metatarsals and phalanges
The tarsometatarsal joints
The metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

The ligaments and capsules
The muscles of the ankle and foot attach to a large number of bones
The intrinsic (endogenous) muscles
The plantar muscles
The anterior extrinsic (exogenous) muscles
The extrinsic (exogenous) muscles of the foot
The posterior extrinsic (exogenous) muscles
The actions of the muscles of the ankle joint
The stability of the ankle joint
The foot arch
The actions of the muscles in the ankle and foot during walking

Index