This study attempts to reconstruct the conditions and incidents of the Battle of Marathon, guided by Herodotus, as well as the most important studies of later historians. Our aim was to provide as comprehensive a picture as possible of the Greek and Persian world during the Archaic period, presenting the historical, political, social, and military characteristics of each. The treatment of the battle is mainly from a military perspective and focuses on issues that are not always examined in conventional historical studies. However, we also refer to the mythical background that the Battle of Marathon acquired, both for the ancient Greeks and for later Europeans.