In this text, intended as a "supplement" to "The Birth of Tragedy," the 25-year-old professor Friedrich Nietzsche narrates the story of the "first Greek philosophers," from Thales to Socrates, while posing crucial questions that will preoccupy him in his later works.

This edition also includes a selection from his unpublished lectures in Greek on the Pre-Socratic philosophers, along with related notes he kept while engaging with ancient Greek philosophy.

- Is there guilt, contradiction, and pain in this world? - Yes! shouts Heraclitus, but only for the shortsighted, who sees things separately, disconnected - not for the spectator of the whole divine. For him, all opposing forces move towards some harmony, hidden from the common eye, but evident to anyone who embraces this world with their gaze, like that divine eye. Before its fiery gaze, even the slightest drop of injustice evaporates in this poured-out Universe!