During the 1880s, the very essence of representation, meaning, and process in European art was challenged in depth. Faithful representations of the external world were abandoned in favor of non-naturalistic expression, expressed to varying degrees, from measured distortions of reality to absolute abstraction. The following decades, until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, were a complex, vibrant period of artistic questioning, exploration, risk, and innovation. Focusing on this period of great upheaval, this book will explore the constructive dialogue between painting and sculpture and the influential roles played by three giants of the era, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh, throughout European art. While acknowledging the centrality of Paris as a cultural capital, it will also highlight unique other centers of artistic upheaval in Europe, from Brussels and Barcelona to Berlin and Vienna, and trace the diverse paths towards modernism in the early 20th century. This fully illustrated catalog will contain four essays, introductions to each city of upheaval, and biographies of the artists. Published by the National Gallery Global/Distributed by Yale University Press.