Since the establishment of the Greek state, "the Turks" have constituted a permanent threat to Greece. But how often do we delve into Turkish politics to understand its internal rifts and conflicts? From 1908 to 1950, the Turkish opposition was not legally represented by any party: the Ottoman constitutional regime was under the control of the Committee of Union and Progress, which did not tolerate opposition, while after the fall of the Empire, the modern state founded by the Turkish National Movement operated for a long time as a "single-party democracy." However, as Christina Filiou argues, beneath this authoritarian official regime, there continued to exist a whole complex world that opposed the authority, a space of politics and culture that functioned as a substitute for official opposition. Starting from the historical uses of the word "opposition" (muhalefet) itself in the Turkish language, the author explores the "other" side of Ottoman and Turkish history, during a period that unfolds parallel to the years of the Great Idea, the Greco-Turkish War/Asia Minor Catastrophe and the Population Exchange, Venizelos, Metaxas, World War II, and the Cold War. It is an alternative history of Turkey, as experienced by a Turk, Refik Halid Karay, a supporter of constitutionalism, who remained in opposition both during the Young Turks and Kemalism. Through his direct confrontation with Kemal, his exile and persecutions, and his satirical and essayistic work, the contradictions within the official category of "Turk" emerge, which continue to define Turkey to this day.