On January 1, 2024, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the government of Ethiopia and the authorities of Somaliland for the lease of a coastal area around the port of Berbera for military and commercial purposes for fifty years, in exchange for the recognition of Somaliland as an independent state and the granting of a share of Ethiopian Airlines to them.

The Somali government described this move by Ethiopia as a "hostile act," denied any discussion on the port issue, and recalled its ambassador from Addis Ababa. Furthermore, it sought help from the African Union and hurried to close a military agreement with Turkey.

It is believed that the UAE mediated the Ethiopia-Somaliland agreement, having provided significant military support to the Ethiopian government in its war against Tigray.

Unlike the situations in Libya and Tunisia, Algeria is a leading African state, with a large area, a significant population, and rich in oil and natural gas. However, the recognition by the USA of Morocco's sovereignty over Western Sahara left Algeria with no choice, which strengthened its traditional ties with Russia that supports Algeria in this dispute.

Algeria participated in military exercises with Russia in South Ossetia in October 2021 and is the third-largest global importer of Russian weapons, after India and China, while Moscow is considered the largest supplier of weapons and military systems to the Algerian army, accounting for over 50%, including submarines. Correspondingly, relations with China were also revitalized, as China has invested in Algeria's infrastructure.

(From the presentation on the back cover of the book)