Monotheism as a political problem is undoubtedly the most famous book of the great historian and theologian Eric Peterson (1890-1960) and one of the most significant of the 20th century. It was published in 1935, two years after the rise of Nazism in Germany, and the author's intention, according to his own confession, was to strike at the "theology of the Reich," to which many had subscribed, advocating for and seeking a secularization of the promise of the Kingdom of God towards the revival of the imperium sacrum.

However, the book also serves as a critique of the political theology of Carl Schmitt, a supporter of the Nazi regime, emphatically asserting that every political theology is an abuse of the Christian message in order to justify political situations. The Trinitarian nature of the Christian God, the Trinitarian peace, can never serve as a theological foundation - regardless of what has historically happened - for any idea of political sovereignty.