This work proposes a systematic and interpretively coherent approach to Byzantine culture, utilizing the duality of light and darkness as a fundamental category of its theological, cosmological, and aesthetic structure. Light is examined not merely as a sensory or visual phenomenon but as a carrier of divine presence, knowledge, and soteriological perspective, while darkness is approached as the boundary of cognitive possibility and simultaneously as the quintessential place of apophatic experience. Their dialectical interrelation highlights how Byzantine thought organizes the relationship between the sensory and the transcendent, reinterpreting matter, images, and architectural space as carriers of mediating divine energy. Special emphasis is given to the role of light as a structural element of both the visual language and ritual experience, as well as its symbolic and existential significance within the context of mystical and apophatic tradition. The study concludes with the formulation of a unified interpretive framework, in which Byzantine art and worldview are approached as forms of experiential participation in the mystery of divine presence, transcending conventional distinctions between aesthetics, theology, and lived experience.