In the book Different, the world-renowned primatologist Frans de Waal draws upon decades of observation and studies of both human and animal behavior, arguing that despite the connection between gender and biological sex, biology does not automatically support the traditional gender roles in human societies. While humans and other primates share some behavioral differences, biology offers no excuse for existing gender inequalities.

Using chimpanzees and bonobos to illustrate this point—two related species that are genetically equally close to humans—de Waal challenges widely held beliefs about masculinity and femininity, as well as common assumptions about power, leadership, cooperation, competition, filial bonds, and sexual behavior. Chimpanzees are male-dominated and violent, while bonobos are female-dominant and peaceful. In both species, political power must be distinguished from physical dominance.

Authority is not confined to males, and both genders display true leadership abilities. Different is a fresh and engaging approach to the longstanding debate on the balance between nature and nurture and where gender roles fit. De Waal adds to his discussion details from his own life—a Dutch childhood in a family of six boys, his marriage to a French woman with a different gender orientation, and decades of academic controversies about outdated scientific theories.

He discusses sexual orientation, gender identity, and the limits of gender bipartisanship, exceptions to which are also found in other primates. With humor, clarity, and compassion, Different seeks to broaden the discussion on the dynamics of human genders, promoting an inclusive model that embraces differences rather than negates them.

Pages: 432, Dimensions: 14x14cm