The 2nd edition of the work "Criminology" has become necessary due to the numerous legislative changes that followed the establishment of the new Criminal Code, with the most significant being those brought about by Laws 4855/2021 and 5090/2024, which have fundamentally reshaped the relevant institutions regarding penalties.

Alongside the new analyses, the timeless presentation of issues arising from the transition to the new Criminal Code and its regulations in the field of penalties is maintained. Special emphasis is placed on the effort to distinguish the punitive elements (which serve the safety of legal goods) from the liberal elements (which arise from defensive guarantees) of the penalty.

The purpose of this work is to serve as a useful tool for a holistic understanding of the relevant issues and the application of the corresponding provisions of the general part of the Criminal Code as well as the Code of Criminal Procedure, taking into account empirical data in the structures for the execution of penalties and the current case law.